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Adam, The 10 round magazine models are for the restricted non-free states that require restricted capacity magazines. GNS acronym is for Glock Night Sights. There are other models with the Glock factory sights with polymer field goal post rear and dot front sight.
Adam, most manufacturers including Glock make firearm packages that have 10rd magazines so their pistols can also be sold in state that have magazine capacity restrictions. The pistols are exactly the same but just have 10rd mags included. The pistols will also accept any standard capacity magazines just fine.
The ten round magazine versions are for states with restrictive laws regarding magazine capacity. There are also several different generations sold, generation 5 being the newest that is identifiable by the lack of finger grooves on the grip. There are also multiple listings of some models because one is made in the US and the other is made in Austria - U model numbers for US and P for Austria. As you mentioned there are also the differences in sights, FS meaning fixed sights are the standard ones, GNS being Glock night sights, there are also a few models with Ameriglo night sights. Functionally though, all of them are pretty much identical and it comes down to your preference in sights and finger grooves vs no grooves. For what it's worth, I personally like the Gen 5 with the standard sights as I will undoubtedly change them out to my own personal preference later - it is also generally the cheapest. https://www.budsgunshop.com/catalog/product_info.php/products_id/42829/glock+g19+gen+